Abstract: With the rapid development of the smart grid relying on communication and computer science technology, its vulnerabilities to intentional cyber-attacks are also exposed to cyber-attackers.

Algorithms are everywhere, even when we do not notice them. They help us search the web, navigate roads, and discover new content online. Understanding how algorithms work is one of the simplest ways ...

Materials and molecules are typically characterized through spectroscopic and spectrometric measurements, which provide insights into a compound’s structure and composition. Scientists need multiple ...

Abstract: In environments rich in data, machine learning models often encounter challenges such as data sparsity and overfitting, primarily due to datasets with an excessive number of features. To ...

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors ...